Developing and strengthening the new-type rural collective economy is an important foundation for achieving common prosperity. The new rural collective economy plays a dual role in promoting villagers" income growth and providing public services, embodying the characteristics of co-construction, co-governance, and shared benefits. Based on panel data from 30 provinces (autonomous regions and municipalities) between 2013 and 2022 (excluding Hong Kong, Macao, Taiwan, and Xizang), this paper constructs an analytical framework across five dimensions: resources, system, technology, scale, and service. Using the dynamic QCA method, this study examines the configuration paths that promote the improvement of common prosperity levels and explores the enabling effect of the new rural collective economy on common prosperity. The findings show that the level of common prosperity is influenced by multiple factors, and no single factor can independently drive its improvement. Seven configuration paths are identified for both high and low levels of common prosperity. Among them, four key paths are extracted: the “institution-technology” joint path, the “resource endowment + system construction + scale” driven path, the “resource endowment + system construction + technological innovation” restricted path, and the “public service” restricted path. In terms of the time dimension, the high level of common prosperity shows an increasing trend, while the low level fluctuates significantly. In the spatial dimension, there is a significant imbalance between the eastern and western regions. Therefore, the new-type rural collective economy should focus on system construction, improving democratic decision-making, and strengthening the supervision and management mechanisms; enhance resource integration and explore diversified business models; promote agricultural technology innovation and application for long-term development; and rationally allocate economic and social functions to better enable common prosperity.