The rapid development of the digital economy brings both opportunities and challenges for ensuring agricultural product quality and safety. While the overall quality of Chinese agricultural products has steadily improved, significant disparities remain across categories and regions, exposing the limitations of traditional regulatory models in addressing the complexities of modern agriculture. Grounded in the theoretical framework of the digital economy, this study systematically examines the application of digital technologies in the production, processing, distribution, and consumption stages of agricultural products. It identifies key challenges, including insufficient adoption of digital technologies, information asymmetry, difficulties in market supervision, and obstacles to cross-departmental coordination. The findings reveal that digital technologies such as the Internet of Things (IoT), big data, and blockchain offer significant potential for enhancing efficiency and transparency in quality assurance. These technologies have demonstrated initial successes in areas such as environmental monitoring, input traceability, cold chain logistics management, and brand development. To further unlock the potential of digital tools, this study proposes specific implementation pathways for their application in production, processing, distribution, consumption, and integrated supply chain monitoring. By advocating for policy optimization, legal frameworks, technical training, and the establishment of multi-stakeholder collaboration mechanisms, this research aims to facilitate a comprehensive digital transformation of the quality assurance system. This transformation will not only strengthen agricultural modernization but also provide robust support for rural revitalization and national food security.