Digital financial inclusion is the key to improving the resilience of the food supply chain and promoting the sound development of agriculture. Based on the provincial data of the Peking University Digital Inclusive Finance Index and food supply chain resilience measured by the entropy method from 2011 to 2022, this study employs fixed effects models, mediation effect models, moderation effect models, and panel threshold models to investigate the mechanisms through which digital inclusive finance influences food supply chain resilience. The findings indicate that digital inclusive finance significantly enhances the resilience of food supply chains. The breadth of coverage, depth of usage, and degree of digitization all positively contribute to resilience, with the strongest effects observed in eastern regions and major grain-producing areas. From the perspective of production factor development, digital inclusive finance promotes food supply chain resilience by improving the availability of agriculture-related loans and facilitating agricultural land transfer. Additionally, financial supervision and agricultural socialized services positively moderate this process. However, the empowerment effect of digital inclusive finance is subject to threshold effects influenced by agricultural fiscal support and farmers" income levels. Specifically, excessive fiscal support can reduce dependence on financial innovation, while low farmer incomes limit the adoption and effective utilization of digital inclusive finance. Based on these findings, this study proposes measures to: strengthen the integration and strategic layout of digital inclusive finance and food supply chain resilience; enhance the application and regulation of agriculture-related loans and land transfer; expand the synergy between agricultural socialized services and financial regulation; and optimize agricultural fiscal policies to promote farmers’ income growth and improve food supply chain resilience.