Building a strong agricultural province constitutes a potent starting point for realizing a strong agricultural country. By establishing a comprehensive evaluation index system for the construction level of strong agricultural provinces, this study analyzed the construction levels of these provinces across the eastern, northeastern, central, and western regions from 2011 to 2021, and further examined the spatial-temporal evolution characteristics and regional differences in the construction levels of strong agricultural provinces throughout China by the Moran""s I index and the Dagum Gini coefficient analysis. Results show that: 1) from 2011 to 2021, the construction level of China and its four major regional strong agricultural provinces in the east, northeast, central and western regions increased annually, with the central region exhibiting the highest growth rate, establishing a pattern of central > northeast > east > west; 2) the five dimensions of agricultural green development, agricultural management system, agricultural supply security, agricultural scientific and technological equipment, and farmers"" living standards are primary driving forces for enhancing the construction level of strong agricultural provinces. Meanwhile agricultural industrial competitiveness and agricultural industrial resilience are identified as weaknesses in current efforts to build up strong agricultural provinces. Additionally, the seven dimensions “five strong two high” exhibit similar trends across all four regions with significant differences in their levels of development; 3) spatial positive correlation and agglomeration characteristics are observed in China’s strong agricultural province construction levels, suggesting an overall spatial pattern characterized by “high-high” agglomeration as well as “low-low” agglomeration, but the trend towards spatial agglomeration differentiation is intensifying; and 4) overall differences in construction levels among strong agricultural provinces show an expanding trend primarily due to hyperbolic density and inter-regional differences. This study suggests more future efforts to address regional weakness and strength, to adhere to the principle of comparative advantages, and to develop strong agricultural provinces tailored to their unique characteristics. Additionally, it emphasizes the importance of enhancing cross-regional cooperation and policy support to reduce the regional differences in the construction of strong agricultural provinces and to promote balanced development.