Under the backdrop of the digital economy, farmers’ information literacy plays an increasingly important role in their green production level. However, the current research on the relationship between farmers’ information literacy and green production efficiency is still relatively scarce. To assist farmers in more effectively utilizing information resources, adapting to the trends in green agriculture, and achieving sustainable and high-quality agricultural development, this study utilizes survey data from 643 farmers in Shaanxi, Shanxi, and Henan provinces. Various methodologies, including the Tobit model, threshold effect model, intermediary effect model, and regulatory effect model, are employed to examine the relationship between farmers’ information literacy and green production efficiency. The results showed that: 1) farmers’ information literacy has a significant positive impact on green production efficiency, and with the continuous accumulation of information literacy, its impact is further enhanced; 2) Mechanism analysis reveals that green production behavior is an important intermediary path for farmers"" information literacy to improve green production efficiency; 3) Digital infrastructure has a positive moderating effect on farmers"" information literacy, which strengthens the promoting effect of information literacy on green production efficiency. Therefore, in order to promote the green and sustainable development of agriculture, this study suggests improving the information literacy level of farmers, guiding farmers to participate in green production behavior training, and strengthening the construction of digital infrastructure. These measures are expected to play a key role in unlocking the green development potential of farmers and promoting sustainable agricultural development.