The revitalization of China’s seed industry is an important project for people’s livelihood, and it is of great importance to guarantee food security in China. Based on a systematic analysis of the development history of China’s seed industry, this paper identified the difficulties and challenges facing the revitalization of China’s seed industry and put forward some related optimization measures and implementation methods from the perspective of seed industry system construction and mechanism innovation. Results show that after many years of development, China’s seed industry has achieved some remarkable results, changing from mass, specialization, and industrialization to modernization. However, there still exist some problems, including low total factor productivity of seeds, low independent innovation ability of varieties, outdated breeding infrastructure and other internal pressures. In addition, the commercial breeding system has not been established in China, financial support policy is not perfect, and foreign seed enterprises and capital competition impose some external pressures. The research also shows that we should continue to deepen the reform of the system and mechanism and build a whole-industry integration system involving the government, enterprises, scientific research institutions, financial institutions and other subjects, such as breeding research and development, production, promotion, sales, service, etc. Therefore, this paper suggests: strengthening the revitalization of the seed industry, enhancing the protection and utilization of germplasm resources, carrying out breeding innovation, optimizing the facilities of breeding bases, and accelerating the formation of seed industry enterprises.