Abstract:China’s main grain producing areas play an important role in achieving stable grain production and supply. The improvement of the benefit compensation mechanism for main grain producing areas is a system arrangement to ensure national grain security. Based on the production and damage status of grain in main producing areas, this paper reviewed government support policies for main grain producing areas, explored the problems existing in current benefit compensation mechanism for main grain producing areas, and discussed some countermeasures to improve the benefit compensation mechanism for main grain producing areas. Results show that the contribution of main producing areas to China’s grain security continues to increase, but the losses caused by the development of grain production have not been properly compensated. Currently, the compensation mechanism for main grain producing areas in China mainly consists of ensuring income for grain farmers in main producing areas, improving comprehensive economic strength of main producing areas, and enhancing the comprehensive production capacity of grain in main producing areas. However, the current benefit compensation mechanism of main grain producing areas has some problems, including a single compensation subject for main producing areas, insufficient compensation for grain farmers, and limited incentive effects on local governments of main producing areas. Therefore, to improve and strengthen the benefit compensation mechanism for main grain producing areas in the future, this paper suggests: forming a sound legal and regulatory system for compensating the benefit of main grain producing areas, establishing a sound organizational system for compensating the interests of main grain producing areas, and improving the comprehensive supporting measures for the benefit compensation mechanism for main grain producing areas.