Analyzing the influences of market forces on farmers’ black soil farmland protection behaviors can improve the application efficiency of black soil farmland protection technology and contribute to the sustainable utilization of arable land resources with black soil farmland. Based on a survey data in typical counties and cities of the Sanjiang Plain, this paper investigates the influence of market forces on farmers’ black soil farmland protection behaviors and determines the hierarchy of market factors by the Logistics model and the Interpretive Structural Modeling Method. Results indicate that 84.47% of farmers have adopted black soil farmland conservation technologies with a mean adoption level of 2.663. And the expected agricultural product price, the supply of black soil farmland protection technology services, the degree of marketization of farmland transfer, and the degree of market price fluctuation of agricultural products have significant positive effects on farmers’ adoption of black soil farmland protection technology. The ease of obtaining information on agricultural materials has a significant influence on whether farmers adopt black soil farmland protection technology, and previous year’s price of agricultural products and the trust degree of farmers on the technical service subjects of black soil farmland protection significantly influence their adoption degrees. The mechanism of market forces on farmers’ black soil farmland protection behaviors shows two paths and three direct drivers. Market competition and risks can directly affect farmers’ black soil farmland protection behavior as well as market supply and demand factors, which influence market prices and risks. The impacts of market forces on the black soil farmland protection methods of farmers with vast management scales and arid lands are greater. Therefore, the government should vigorously cultivate social service organizations for black soil farmland protection, demonstrate the value of black soil farmland agricultural products, improve the market-oriented allocation of agricultural production resources, and implement differentiated market-driven strategies for different types of farmers.