Cadmium (Cd) is a toxic heavy metal and can easily accumulate in rice grains, which is harmful to human health. China is the largest producer of rice, but the “cadmium rice” incident occurs frequently and has posed a serious threat to food safety. Therefore, it is urgent to study and develop effective measures to prevent rice Cd contamination and to safely utilize “cadmium rice”. The Changde rice noodles production process could reduce the Cd content of Cd contaminated rice below the national standard (0.2 mg/kg). In this study, the mechanism of Cd reduction in this process was investigated from the perspective of microorganisms. The composition and structure of the bacterial community during the rice fermentation was analyzed via high-throughput sequencing. Meanwhile, bacteria were isolated using the traditional culture method and identified by 16S rRNA gene sequencing. And then the Cd removal efficiency of the isolated strains was investigated. The results showed that the dominant bacterial group in the fermentation broth is Lactobacillus. Meanwhile, a total of 58 strains were isolated from fermentation broth, and Lactobacillus strains accounted for the largest proportion. Strains of Lactobacillus fermentum, Pediococcus acidilactici, Bacillus subtilis, Lactobacillus delbrueckii showed Cd reducing capability. Strain P. acidilactici P1 and L. fermentum L4 had the highest Cd removal ability, reducing up to 0.55 mg/kg Cd during a 48 h fermentation. After addition of these strains, the pH value of the fermentation system decreased and the content of lactic acid increased, which was conducive to the dissolution of cadmium-binding protein. This could be the main microbial mechanism for decreasing Cd content during the rice noodles production process. Rice grinding can improve the activity of functional microorganisms and Cd reduction efficiency. This study demonstrated that the highly efficient Cd-removing strains in the rice fermentation broth could effectively reduce the Cd content of the Cd contaminated rice, providing new possibilities for the effective use of rice with excess Cd.