It is of great significance to accurately explore the spatial distribution pattern of China’s livestock and poultry breeding bases and analyze the influencing factors of their distribution for ensuring China’s food security and maintaining agricultural biodiversity. To provide a theoretical reference for the construction and development of livestock and poultry breeding industry in China, using 205 national livestock and poultry breeding bases of China as the research samples, this paper systematically explores the spatial distribution pattern of the national livestock and poultry seed industry bases and studies the factors affecting the distribution by the methods of the nearest point index, the geographic concentration index, the spatial Gini coefficient, the nuclear density, and the geographical detector. Results show that: 1) The national livestock and poultry breeding bases roughly show the distribution characteristics of “the structure of one pole and multiple cores, and high in the inland and low in the frontier”, and the whole spatial structure presents a condensed distribution pattern; 2) The national livestock and poultry breeding bases are rich in types, which can be divided into 3 main categories of poultry, livestock and bees, and can be divided into 12 secondary categories such as chickens, ducks, and pigs, etc.; 3) Among the 12 secondary categories, the distribution of chickens, ducks, geese, pigs, cattle, sheep, donkeys and bees is relatively large, and the degree of agglomeration is relatively high, while the distribution of horses, camels, deer and rabbits is small and scattered; and 4) The spatial distribution of the national livestock and poultry breeding bases is jointly affected by natural and social factors, including climate, topography, natural feed, economic development level and population density. Therefore, this paper suggests: balancing regional development and giving a play to the core driving role, relying on local characteristic livestock and poultry breeds, building a characteristic livestock and poultry breeding base area, and promoting the transformation of resource advantages into economic advantages.