The coupling coordination between the village and township development and the corresponding resources and environment was the objective requirement for facilitating the sustainable development of villages and townships in China. An evaluation index system was proposed to examine the coupling coordination in China at county level. Furthermore, a coupling coordination degree model was employed to characterize the spatial pattern in the coupling coordination between the village and township development and the corresponding resources and environment and its driving factors. Results showed that the scores of the village and township development were between 0.07 and 0.81. The spatial patterns of the regions with high and low scores of the village and township development were similar with that of GDP per unit area. The scores of resources and environment were between 0.17 and 0.71. Those regions with low scores were 32.12% of the total area. Most villages and townships in Northwestern China deserved more attention for their low scores of resources and environment. The spatial pattern of the coupling coordination degree was high in the eastern part and low in the western part of China. Regions with V5 coordination degree level were mostly in the flat terrain to the east of Beijing–Beihai Line. Regions with V4 coordination degree level were mostly located at the east of the Hu Line and small parts located around the Tianshan Mountains. And regions with V2 and V3 coordination degree level were mainly distributed in the north of Northeast China–the Northwest China–the Qinghai and Tibet Plateau. The numbers of counties within V4 coupling coordination degree level accounted for the highest proportion. Therefore, the V4 region is more favorable to the industry cluster construction of agricultural and animal husbandry, based on the spatial patterns of the village and township development and the corresponding resources and environment. In the V2 and V3 regions, the industries with ethnic minority characteristics could be promoted.