It is of great significance to evaluate the level of provincial rural modernization and to analyze its regional differences for promoting full balanced development of provincial rural modernization. Applying comprehensive evaluation, K-means clustering analysis, difference index and index advantage and disadvantage analysis to measure the index of provincial rural modernization level from 2010 to 2020, this paper examined its development rules and regional types and quantitatively analyzed regional differences from three dimensions: overall, sub-system and regional types. And the advantages and disadvantages of each type of regional rural modernization level indicators are compared and analyzed. Results show that in 2020, five provinces were in the late stage of the initial stage of rural modernization, 11 provinces were in the middle stage of the initial stage of rural modernization, and 15 provinces were in the early stage of the initial stage of rural modernization. The level of provincial rural modernization was decreasing from east to west, and the spatial distribution characteristics were highly correlated with the distribution characteristics of economic regions and food function regions. From 2010 to 2020, the levels of rural modernization in all provinces were improved to varying degrees. The differences of provincial rural modernization levels mainly came from the differences among different types of regions, and the differences within each type of region had obvious heterogeneity. The advantages and disadvantages of different types of regions were heterogeneous. To promote the rapid and balanced development of provincial rural modernization, this paper suggests adhering to the principle of “making the best use of strengths, complementing weaknesses, implementing policies according to different categories”, and formulating specific measures targeted at the common advantages and disadvantages of different types of regions.