China is a major agricultural producer and seed-consuming country and the successive Governments have attached great importance to the development of the seed industry in China. As a result, most of the crop varieties planted China are independently selected and bred. However, the development of China’s seed industry has benefited from international cooperation and formed some degree of import dependence in some fields due to global value chain status and international division of labor. Therefore, China’s crop seed industry faces the bottleneck issue of germplasm resources. Based on the interpretation of the special attributes of crop seed industry, this paper explored the expression form and connotation of the bottleneck issue of germplasm recourses, established an identification and screening framework of the issue, analyzed the causes behind it, and discussed some solution paths. Results show that China’s crop seed industry has some special attributes, such as the particularity of consumption objects, the difference between supply and demand, the seasonality of production and sales, and the superposition of natural risks and technical risks. The expression form of the bottleneck issue of germplasm recourses includes not only tangible commodities such as seeds and parents, but also intangible technologies such as patents and genes. The connotation of the bottleneck issue can be attributed to international cooperation in global seed industry and the extreme form of the seed industry monopoly, which can be divided into rationality and irrationality. Through the identification and screening of four levels: factor intensity, technology foresight, technology monopoly, and global competitive position, the causes of the bottleneck issue include insufficient competitiveness of seed trade, weak ability of independent innovation, backward protection of intellectual property rights and international layout, the imperfect commercial seed breeding system, and the unreasonable variety management system. Therefore, to tackle the bottleneck problem of germplasm recourses, this paper suggests: reforming the variety management system, improving the environment of seed industry development, and creating an international competitive consortium simultaneously.