Digital agriculture is an internal requirement of China’s digital China strategy and digital countryside strategy. And it is also an inevitable trend and the right choice to realize the development of China’s agricultural modernization. Based on the current situation of digital agriculture development in China, this paper explains the unique operational logic of digital agriculture, analyzes the realistic challenges brought by the national agricultural situation, and discusses the promotion strategies of digital agriculture in China. Results find that the operational logic of digital agriculture includes technical logic and application logic. The technical logic is derived from the technical characteristics of digital agriculture, which is an internal mechanism and technical system composed of information perception, algorithm empowerment, and precise execution. However, the development of digital agriculture in China still faces some real challenges brought by fragmented land management, smallholder rejection, effect traps, lagging application development, and data chimney. To achieve better and faster development of digital agriculture in China, this paper suggests: to accelerate the appropriate scale of land management, to enhance the ability of small farmers to participate in digital agriculture, to focus on the control of digital agriculture construction costs, to accelerate the development and promotion of digital agriculture software applications, and to strengthen the overall planning of digital agriculture construction.