Under the background of consumer demand changes, sustainable development, and Sino-US trade friction, it is very important to explore the spatio-temporal evolution characteristics of hog production as well as its driving mechanism and spatial optimization strategies in China to stabilize the supply of pork, to promote the sustainable development of hog industry, and to enhance the comprehensive competitiveness of agriculture. Based on a cross-sectional data of 2000, 2008 and 2017, this paper analyzed the spatio-temporal evolution characteristics and the influencing factors of China’s hog production by using the standard deviation ellipse, the exploratory spatial data analysis, and the quantile regression method. Results demonstrate that: 1) the “Hu Huanyong Line” is an essential division line in depicting the spatial pattern of the density of hog slaughterhouses in China. The density of hog slaughterhouses in the southeast of Hu Line is higher than that in the northwest. High-value areas of hog production are mainly distributed in major grain-producing areas such as the Sichuan Basin, Xiangjiang River Basin and Huang-Huai-Hai Plain, as well as developed areas such as the lower reaches of the Pearl River Basin and Harbin-Dalian megalopolis; 2) the spatio-temporal evolution characteristics of hog production were resulted from the comprehensive effects of regional basic conditions, internal and external driving factors. The influencing factors had different directions and intensities on the different levels of hog slaughterhouses; and 3) different regions in China present a different development trends of hog production because of the different resource endowments, social and economic development levels, and environmental pressures. Therefore, they should adopt differentiated development strategies.