It is an important task to realize agricultural modernization in China. The strategy of rural revitalization, raised in the Nineteenth National Congress of the Communist Party of China, is the general strategy and the central task of agricultural development in the new era and also an important action to promote the development of agricultural modernization. Based on the current situation of China’s agricultural development, this paper analyzed the driving factors of agricultural modernization and made a forward-looking prediction and analysis of agricultural modernization in 2035. Results show that China has a good institutional and developing environment in terms of production, consumption, industry, technology and trade, which provide a good basis for the realization of agricultural modernization in China. The forecast shows that China will become a major country in terms of agricultural production and consumption, agricultural industrialization, agricultural trade and agricultural science in the world by 2035. However, there are still enormous challenges such as consumption structure, quality requirements, industrial development, business innovation, production model, service function, level of science and technology, personnel structure, and others. Therefore, China still needs to continue to promote structural reform of agricultural supply side, to change the mode of agricultural production and operation, to enhance the external agricultural sector in the future, and to promote the integration of urban and rural development on the road to agricultural modernization.