On the 70th anniversary of the founding of the New China, China’s agricultural and rural modernization have achieved a remarkable leap-forward development. It has experienced five stages of development: the initial stage, the system construction stage, the transformation and development stage, the deepening and upgrading stage and the rapid development stage. It has made outstanding achievements in the comprehensive production capacity of agriculture, the structural adjustment of agricultural industry, the technical level of agriculture, the industrialized management of agriculture, the poverty alleviation in rural areas and the increase of farmers’ income, as well as the protection of agricultural resources and the improvement of rural environment. Further development of rural modernization also needs to solve some outstanding problems as low efficiency of agricultural production, weak infrastructure, large gap between urban and rural areas, slow progress of agricultural scale operation, insufficient connection between small farms and modern agriculture, and the poor financial service capacity in rural areas. For this reason, this article provides the following suggestions: to keep the priority development of agriculture and countryside, to perfect the three major systems of agriculture, to promote the high-quality development of agriculture, to foster new momentum of rural development, to promote total factor productivity of agriculture, to establish long-term mechanism of increasing farmers’ income, to improve the mechanism of multiple input guarantee for rural revitalization, to develop rural characteristic industries, and to promote the organic connection between small farms and modern agriculture.