After three decades of economic reform and opening up, food production in China has made a historic breakthrough on continuous growth for ten years. However, the potential growth for China's food industry is not optimistic, due to resource constraints in labor, soil, and water and rapid speed of industrialization and urbanization. To overcome these constraints, developing agricultural technology is the only way to improve the food production continuously. Despite some disturbance, biochemical and mechanical technology provides a feasible path to achieve sustainable development on food production under current deteriorating resources endowment. Within these two types of technology, biochemical technology plays a more significant role on food production, and should be considered as the primary investment in agricultural technology as well as the main direction of agricultural technological progress in the coming years. Especially, agricultural biotechnology as the representative of technological innovation and application will lead to a new revolution of China's grain industry.