Abstract: Common prosperity is an essential requirement of socialism and realizing the common prosperity of farmers is the key content and main starting point of the common prosperity for the entire population. Based on the national macro statistical data since the 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China and the realistic foundation of farmers and rural development, this paper focuses on the main difficulties in increasing income faced by farmers and discusses the path selection and countermeasures to promote the common prosperity for farmers. Results show that in recent years, China has eliminated absolute poverty, sustained growth in farmers' income, markedly improved their living conditions, built a better rural social security system, and significantly improved basic rural public services, which have laid a solid foundation for promoting the common prosperity for farmers. However, it should also be recognized that there are still some difficulties in this process, such as the comparatively low efficiency of the agricultural sector, the unreasonable income structure of rural residents, the insufficient investment in human capital of rural residents, and the widening regional gap in rural residents' income. Accordingly, to broaden the sources of farmers' income growth and enhance their ability to increase income to promote substantial progress of farmers' common prosperity, this paper provides some policy suggestions, including building a modern rural industrial system, deepening the comprehensive rural reform, building a human capital investment system, and improving the regional coordinated development mechanism.