Abstract: The seed industry is like the "chip" of agriculture and is the basis for ensuring China's grain security and achieving agricultural modernization. From the perspective of the breeding industry chain, this paper compares and analyzes the development situation of China and the developed countries in four aspects: breeding R&D patterns, breeding technique, seed enterprise, and germplasm resources, and proposes suggestions to solve the the problems of the seed industry. Results show that foreign countries with strong seed industry have formed a modern development pattern with oligarchic seed enterprises as the main research subjects, biotechnology, artificial intelligence and big data as the breeding technology, and germplasm resources are distributed around the world. The seed industry in China is mainly based on the parallel research by research institutions and enterprises, forming a breeding research model of "government + market", and germplasm resources are mainly from domestic sources. The problems of China's seed industry include: 1) R&D subjects lack innovation motivation, and basic research is difficult to support core breeding technologies; 2) the biological breeding management system is not perfect, and the progress of commercial production is slow; 3) market supervision is insufficient, and seed companies are numerous but not strong; and 4) germplasm resource reserve and identification are insufficient, and the origin of breeding research is at a disadvantage. Therefore, China needs to formate the thought of collaborative development of basic research and applied research, good interaction between original innovation and industrial development of the seed industry, two-way development of germplasm resources conservation and identification, and a modern commercial breeding system and a seed industry innovation ecosystem with the collaborative development of multiple subjects.