Abstract: Rural residents' structure and housing demands have become increasingly complicated in the context of emphasizing rural revitalization and urban-rural integration. There is an urgent need to re-examine the current institutional regulations from farmer's perspective to identify the goal and direction of homestead system reform. Combined with the relative deprivation theory and the hierarchical theory of needs, this research takes the pilot areas of the Chinese homestead system reform as examples to examine the issues and theoretical impact of the current system, discusses the experience and bottleneck of the previous round of reform, and provides some suggestions for deepening the rural homestead and housing system reform. Results show that the existing rural homestead and housing system has several flaws, including unequal resource distribution, a closed institutional structure, and the ignorance of farmers' housing rights. It fails to meet farmers' increasingly diverse housing rights, thus becoming a stumbling block to rural revitalization and urban-rural integration. Some progress has been made in the previous round of reform. However, housing rights for non-collective members of rural economic organizations have not been fully realized. The relationship between rural housing and residential land markets still needs to be clarified, and the gap between urban and rural housing rights remains significant. In the future, the homestead and housing system reform should protect the fundamental residential rights of rural collective members based on local conditions, take into account the residential rights of some non-collective members, and adequately realize farmers' housing property rights. In this way, the short-term goal of improving the efficiency of homestead resource allocation and the long-term goal of promoting urban-rural integration and rural revitalization can be achieved.