Abstract: Improving the financial literacy of farmers and herdsmen can reduce the probability of irrational investment by farmers and herdsmen and it can better play the role of financial products and services in rural and pastoral areas. Based on a survey data of farmers and herdsmen in Inner Mongolia, this paper evaluated the financial literacy of farmers and herdsmen from three aspects, including financial knowledge, financial ability, and financial attitudes by the factor analysis model and analyzed the influencing factors of farmers and herdsmen's financial literacy. Results show that the overall financial literacy level of farmers and herdsmen is not high, with an average of 66.5 points. In terms of grouping, 29.4% of farmers and herdsmen have financial literacy scores of less than 60, and only 21.4% of farmers and herdsmen have financial literacy scores of greater than 80. The formal and the informal social capital and the education of household head have significant positive impacts on the financial literacy of farmers and herdsmen, while the default phenomenon of repayment in village and the age of the head of household have significant negative impacts on the financial literacy of farmers and herdsmen. The Government should strengthen the publicity and training of financial knowledge for farmers and herdsmen to improve their financial literacy level. It is important to broaden the information channels in village level and to build the platform of information exchange to expend the social network for giving a full play to the role of social capital in improving the financial literacy of farmers and herdsmen.