Abstract: A better understanding to Chinese traditional agriculture is undoubtedly great helpful to the modernization of agriculture in China. Rice-fish coculture as a model of outstanding traditional agriculture of China, plays an important enlightening role in the modernization and sustainable development of Chinese agriculture, and in the healthy development of rice-fish coculture in the world. Starting from the review of the development of human civilization, especially the Chinese traditional agricultural documents, this paper briefly introduce the concept, connotation, implement and significance of important agriculture heritage, deeply analyze the scientific mechanism of over-thousands-years inheritance of rice-fish coculture, and discuss the technical challenges and development strategy in the rice-fish coculture production. It is stated that the nature idea of agriculture civilization play an important and practical role in Chinese civilization progress, while the so-called modern agriculture which began in 1960s showed out lots of straits such as simplified agrobiodiversity, overly depend on agrochemicals, increasing cost, intensive demand to resource and energy, more serious environmental impacts, and inequivalent profit injury to traditional agriculture in various developing countries. The rice-fish coculture production system, which well developed now from the outstanding traditional agriculture in southern China by joint efforts from government policy, scientific research, technical extension, agricultural enterprise and local farmers, presented with the obvious advantages in the enhancement of resource utilization efficiency, diversified paddy products, higher income and less nonpoint pollution from agricultural production. The paper also appeals more attentions from to model choose, landscape and biodiversity design, crop-animal coordination, soil fertility management, product marketing in the producing system of rice-fish coculture. Finally, the paper call for joint efforts from scholars, participator, and policy maker for practical farm machines, instruments for precision feeding and labor-saving techniques for the future production of rice-fish coculture production.