Abstract: Rural labor is a critical input of agricultural production. Exploring the impacts of agricultural mechanization on rural labor misallocation can help better optimize agricultural labor allocation and promote agricultural economic development. Based on a panel data of 29 provinces (including municipalities) of China from 2003 to 2017, and applying the LSDV, the FE and the Diff-GMM approaches, this paper evaluated agricultural labor misallocation and examined the spatiotemporal difference of misallocation and the ameliorative effects of agricultural resource misallocation. Results indicate that the spatiotemporal difference of labor misallocation shows both spatial and temporal differences. Rural labor misallocation has been alleviated from 0.63 to 0.32, and the incredibly effective alleviation occurred since 2011. Furthermore, concerning the inner spatial difference of rural labor misallocation, the mid-western misallocation index is 0.33, and the eastern provinces suffered the most with an index of 0.73. Upon further study, this paper finds that for agricultural mechanization, the eastern area occupied the most and the mid-west areas were less affected because of the great stimulus for the misallocation. In addition, agricultural wage and agricultural product price effectively improve labor allocation. In summary, to alleviate the agricultural labor misallocation, this paper suggests that the Government should continue to improve agricultural mechanization in the course of specialization of agricultural productions and local efficient allocation, to guarantee the basic salaries for rural labors, and to promote marketing management of agricultural products.