Abstract: The ecological consciousness of farmers is a key to ensuring the long-term implementation of the straw returning technology and to promoting the sustainable development of agriculture. Based on the theory of technology acceptance and a survey data of Hebei, Anhui and Hubei provinces, and applying the orderly regression model, this paper analyzed the impact of the technology perception of farmers’ willingness to adopt the straw returning technology, and explored the influence mechanism of farmers’ decision-making in adopting the straw returning technology. Results showed that 57.23% of the sample farmers were still willing to adopt the straw returning technology without government supervision and subsidies, and initially had the consciousness of adopting the straw returning technology. The sample farmers had a higher perception of environmental welfare and a lower perception of economic welfare of the straw returning technology. While 86.8% of the farmers believed that the use of the straw returning technology can protect the environment, and only 53.04% of the farmers believed that the adoption of the straw returning technology can increase production and income. In addition, the economic perception, the perceived easiness of use, the influences of village leaders and technicians, and the educational level have positive impacts on farmers’ willingness to adopt the straw returning technology. While the age and the annual income of agriculture have negative impacts. Therefore, to improve the economic perception of farmers to adopt the straw returning technology, this paper suggests to develop a multi-channel system to enhance the technical easiness of use of the straw returning technology and to encourage village leaders and technicians to play some leading and demonstrating roles.