Abstract: Based on a panel data of 28 provincial administrative divisions, and from both the provincial and the regional perspectives, this paper analyzed the production concentration shift of China’s specialty oil crops and examined the influencing factors by calculating the production concentration index and production scale index from 2000 to 2016 and the stochastic effect model. Results show that: the planted areas of China’s specialty oil crops have been declining continuously in China from 2000 to 2016. However, benefiting from the improvement of yield the total output showed a steady growth, and the outputs of sunflower, sesame and flax changed in various degrees. In terms of the provincial distribution, Inner Mongolia and Xinjiang are the two most productive provinces of China’s specialty oil crops. In recent years, their combined output accounted for more than 50% of the national total. In terms of the regional distribution, the main production areas in northern China were further concentrated, while the northwest production areas were gradually expanded, and the traditional northeast production areas were gradually shifted to other areas. In addition, the estimation results of the stochastic effect model show that: sunshine, the urbanization rate, the fertilizer application amount and the total power of agricultural machinery have significant positive effects. While temperature and policy changes have significant negative effects. Based on the above results, to develop China’s specialty oil crop industry, this paper provides the following suggestions: to utilize the natural environment and local conditions fully, to develop the consumption market of processed products, to enhance the role of agricultural technology in increasing production, and to develop differentiated support policies.