Abstract: It is necessary to study spatial pattern of poverty at county level and to identify its influence factors for the formulation of regional poverty alleviation policy. This paper applied a multiple regression model to quantify the influencing factors of poverty degree and analyzed the impact mechanism in Heilongjiang Province. The results showed that the average incidence of poverty in the counties of Heilongjiang Province was 3.92% in 2016. The mean rates of poverty and poor poverty were 8.98% and 1.19% for poor and non-poor counties respectively. Areas of high incidence of poverty in Heilongjiang Province are mainly in arid saline-alkali, areas alluvial flooding plain, low hilly and remote agricultural areas. Impacting factors for the incidence of poverty in Heilongjiang Province include the urbanization rate, per capita arable land, average temperature, slope, paddy field ratio, cultivated land quality and percentage of primary industry, reclamation rate and the ratio of primary and secondary school students. Urbanization rate, per capita arable land, average temperature, slope, paddy field ratio and cultivated land quality were negatively correlated with the incidence of poverty. The percentage of primary industry, the reclamation rate and the ratio of primary and secondary school students showed a positive correlation. While economic factors such as social economy and land use had direct and short-term effects on the incidence of poverty, natural conditions (e.g., climate and geomorphology) have long-term and indirect impacts on the county poverty incidence. Consequently, climatic characteristics and topography should be considered in planning socio-economy and land-use development in poverty-stricken counties in Heilongjiang Province. Similarly, local conditions should be taken into accounting when formulating poverty alleviation measures for better implementation.