Abstract: “Exploring the implementation of farmland rotation and fallow pilot programs” proposed at the Fifth Plenary Session of the 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China and the strategic layout of “storing grain in the field and storing grain in technology” have profound significance on the grain security and green transformation of agriculture in China. Based on the survey information from the four typical pilot regions, including groundwater funnel zone (Hebei), heavy metal pollution zone (Hunan), southwest rocky desertification zone (Guizhou, Yunnan), and northwest ecological serious degradation zone (Gansu), this paper compared the methods of fallow practices among different regions from three different perspectives: agricultural management subject, technical implementation path, and compensation mechanisms. Results show that all the fallow pilot programs have the following problems: lack of participation of local farmers, mismatch between pilot participants and compensation recipients, limited compensation methods, and lack of supervision mechanism. To effectively promote the fallow practice, this paper suggests: to encourage the participation of New Agricultural Management Entities to take part in scale advantages, to broaden the way to raise funds for multi-channels of government financial subsidies, market adjustment financing and social capital injection, to establish the special fund of fallow by uniting local rural banks and third-party funds, to develop differential dynamic compensation mechanisms to start out with compensation standard and scale allocation, and to strengthen the supervision of all stakeholders to establish an integrated regulatory system for the review of fallow, liability traceability, and evaluation of fallow with monitoring means such as satellite remote sensing technology.