Abstract: Ecological migrants are facing the challenge of livelihood transformation of ethnic minority in addition to many other difficulties during their livelihood rebuild process in the Loess Plateau. This paper constructed a two-stage model of migrant relocation and livelihood rebuild, and analyzed the relationship between them. In addition, this paper also divided the livelihood rebuild into three dimensions, including economic rebuild, cultural rebuild, and community rebuild based on the concept of livelihood. Results show that the ethnic culture is embodied in the three dimensions of the two-stage model: the Hui ethnic group’s belief is Islamic culture, living around the temple with a diversified lifestyle, the Mongol ethnic group’s nomadic culture dominates their life, relying on natural pasture for hunting and grazing, the Han ethnic group takes the Chinese traditional culture as the mainstream, mainly for the settlement of agricultural civilization. This study also shows that the cultural background, living capital, the implementation of relocation policies and attitudes of migrant households have important impacts on their livelihood rebuild. Therefore, the relocation policy should focus on the livelihood characteristics of different ethnic migrants, raise relocation compensation standards to improve voluntary relocation of migrants, combine aid measures with the vitality of the migrant families, and improve the ability of migrant households to cope with poverty risks.