Abstract: Family farms have become effective forces to guide moderate scale operation and ensure food security in China. Their performance is a main basis for the decision-making of rice production and government support on family farms. Based on a survey data of 120 family farms in Hunan province, this paper built a three-step model, including CCR model, grey correlation degree and correlation analysis model, and SBM super efficiency model to analyze the performance and influence factors of rice production on different scales from the perspectives of input-output efficiency, environment impacts, and different production scales. Results show that family rice farms with less than 13.33 hm2 or between 20.00 to 26.67 hm2 were optimal in the input-output efficiency, and family farms with less than 6.67 hm2 or greater than 33.33 hm2 were relatively high efficient. Important environmental influencing factors include field rent expenses and rice cultivation subsidies, followed by the effectiveness of farm labors and unhusked rice price, and farmers age and education degree were the least influencing factors. In summary, to improve the production performance of family rice farms, this paper suggests: to perfect the moderate-scale index of family rice farms, to regulate the management and services of paddy field circulation, to increase the subsidies on rice production, and to strengthen the rice price support programs.