Abstract: Studying farmers’ cognition and behavior changes to grain subsidies can help the government to clarify the effects of policy implementation, to adjust policy measures, and to ease the pressure of the structure reform of the grain production and supply. Based on a survey data of grain producers in Heilongjiang Province, this paper examined farmers’ cognitive reactions to grain subsidy policies and analyzed the influencing factors of production scale change and planting behavior changes by an ordinal Logistic model. Results showed that the awareness and satisfaction of farmers on grain subsidy policies is over 80%. The increase of farmers’ income from grain production and farmers’ cognition of the effects of grain subsidy policies on grain production can promote the expansion of grain production. More investment on agricultural inputs with reasonable prices can increase the enthusiasm of farmers to expand grain production. Fewer off-farm job opportunities also promote grain production expansion. The number of agricultural labors in the households and the size of the contracted farmland do not impose any significant impacts on grain production expansion. This research also found that the implementation of grain direct subsidy policy has improved the farmers’ enthusiasm for grain production and with the expansion of grain production scale food subsidies played a role of compensation for farmers’ income. Therefore, for the future adjustment of grain subsidy policies, this paper suggests to construct the integrated mechanism for grain price and subsidy policies, to subsidize farms according to their levels and categories, and to increase farmers’ input and output subsidies.