Abstract: Although various forms of scale management are beneficial to promote the development of modern agriculture, additional investigations are required about whether they are worthwhile to improve farmers’ welfare. Based on a survey data of seven counties in Anhui Province, this research analyzed farmers’ welfare under different modes of scale farmland management from the perspective of welfare economics. Results show that there are three scale management modes in Anhui Province, including self-operation mode, joint management mode, and agricultural industrialization management mode. Under the self-operation mode, farmers own complete autonomy, and labor costs are relatively low; but the social resources are limited. Under the joint management mode, farmers sign contracts, have partial autonomy, and expand their social network; but farmers suffer a risk of default. Under the agricultural industrialization management mode, the corporations control the rights of management and decision-making, while farmers participate in standardized production with reduced marketing costs; but farmers’ welfare depends more on the operation and performance of the corporations. Each mode has partly improved farmers’ welfare, but some limitations still exist. In self-operation mode, farmers should get more support and guidance from the government to define their production scale moderately, and strengthen the awareness of risk-prevention of scale management. Under the joint management mode, planting cooperatives should develop the brand awareness, while land cooperatives should standardize management, enhance the contract spirit, and explore deeper integration. Under the agricultural industrialization management mode, benefit-and-risk sharing mechanisms should be established through joint stock partnership and cooperatives should work as intermediaries.