Abstract: Focusing on China’s environment pollution and pork safety problems and applying the evolutionary game theory, this paper introduced a green operation mode of the hog supply chain and built an evolution game model of the green operation mode of the hog supply chain under the conditions of marketing mechanism and government supervision. Furtherly, based on the cost and benefit analysis of scaled hog operations and slaughtering and processing enterprises with different strategies, this paper also analyzed the evolution path and influencing mechanism for the green operation mode of the hog supply chain. Results show that: under the free market mechanism, the evolution of the green operation mode of the hog supply chain was related to the output-input ratio and the evolution path was related to the revenues from the “free-rider” behaviors of both hog farmers and slaughtering and processing enterprises. If the profit from “free-rider” behaviors was high hog farmers and slaughtering and processing enterprises will not select the green operation mode. The Government should use the environmental regulations to promote the green operation mode evolution through two types of mechanism: 1) creating punishment measures for the “free rider” behaviors and forcing both pig farmers and slaughtering and processing enterprises to select green operation mode; and 2) providing appropriate subsidies for pig farmers or slaughtering and processing enterprises with a relatively low input-output ratio. Finally, this paper suggests that the Government should perfect the environmental regulations, encourage vertical supply chain collaborations, and provide incentives and guidance to promote the green breeding technology.