Abstract: To construct an evaluation index system of rural households’ low-carbon production behaviors is critical to guide farmers to pursue low-carbon production practices and help the government to form practical supporting policies. Applying the analytic hierarchy process (AHP) and life circle assessment method, this paper constructs an evaluation index system of rural households’ low-carbon production behaviors from three aspects of production, including factor carbon emission, ecological effect and economic benefit and applies to analyze rural households’ low-carbon production behaviors of rice farmers in Liaozhong County, Liaoning Province. Results indicate that carbon productivity is the most important indicator to evaluate rural households’ low-carbon production behaviors, followed by the intensity of nitrogen fertilizer, land productivity and straw usage ratio. Sample analysis results also show that the average comprehensive evaluation index is in medium-carbon interval. About 70% of the rural households belong to medium-carbon production, 20% belong to near low-carbon production, and 10% belong to higher-carbon production, indicating that medium-carbon production dominates in agriculture. In addition, economic benefit index is lower, and production factor carbon emission and ecological effect index are relatively higher. Among the index layers, labor productivity, cost-benefit ratio and the application rate of organic fertilizer are lower. To encourage rural households to pursue low-carbon production practices, government’s efforts should focus on enhancing the usage efficiency and economic benefits of agricultural production factors. In the meantime, it is necessary to recycle agricultural waste and to enhance ecological effects of agricultural production.