Abstract: The current status of the fertilizer resource and application in Hunan province was analyzed at the county and provincial scales, based on the census and field survey data. Our results indicated that the recent gross organic and chemical fertilizer production was almost 56.02 and 1.87 Mt, respectively, in Hunan. There were 2.49 Mt of chemical fertilizers applied in 2012, which was 1.73-fold higher than that (0.91 Mt) in 1982. The N∶P2O5∶K2O ratio of chemical fertilization was improved from 1∶0.33∶0.41 in 2004 to 1∶0.37∶0.48 in 2012. Problems on production and application of fertilizers for the sustainable agricultural development in Hunan province were summarized as follows: low fertilizer use efficiency, high variation of fertilizer applications between different areas, lagged-far-behind fertilizer industries in all aspects, severe damages caused by the unbalanced fertilization practices, chaotic market of fertilizer industries, and insufficient management of the rural governments. To improve the use efficiency of fertilizers and to ensure the healthy and sound development of fertilizer industries and the sustainable agriculture development in Hunan, the major four practical strategies of optimizing fertilizer industries, implementing corresponding encouraging policies, improving fertilization technology, and maintaining development and innovation were therefore suggested.