Abstract: Taking the wetland reeds of the Bosten Lake as study object, by means of field investigation and laboratory experiments, the physical and chemical properties of soil, water quality characteristics and the affecting factors of reed biomass were analyzed. The results showed that the soil environmental quality was fine in general. The average of available nitrogen values of the reed soil was 142.59mg/kg, and the average of available phosphorus content was 40.11mg/kg, and the average of organic matter content was 7.81%. The nutritive elements could meet requirement of the reed growth. The total soil salt content and the total water salt content were 0.93% and 3.04mg/L in Huangshui reed wetland, which had a significant negative correlation with the reed biomass (p<0.05). The total soil salt content and the total water salt content were not significant (p>0.05) with the reed biomass in the southwest Small Lake and the west Large Lake. The COD content and the pH values of water in three reed area water were not significant (p>0.05) with the reed biomass in the three reed area. Morphological characteristic index of the reed, such as plant height, stem diameter, node numbers and stalk pitch numbers, had a significantly positive correlation (p<0.01) with the reed biomass, and the structural characteristics had a negatively related (P<0.01)with the reed biomass.