Abstract: In order to explore the agricultural measures that can improve the application effect of wheat mechanical sowing technology in hilly dryland region, the effects of three tillage (no tillage, rotary tillage, conventional tillage) and straw-mulching (no-straw-mulching was CK) on seedlings quality, population quality and yield, and its comprehensive application effect were investigated. The results indicated that the seeding quality of wheat mechanical sowing was better under rotary tillage and conventional tillage, and no tillage could improve the rate of field emergence. Compared with rotary tillage and conventional tillage, no tillage could promote the tillering and effective ears. What’s more, there were larger LAI, higher biomass production, more post-anthesis dry matter accumulation and yield significant increased under no tillage. Straw mulching could promote the rate of field emergence, and its each indices of population quality was superior to no straw mulching, so straw mulching had an obvious effect in increasing production. The analysis of composite index shows that, the combination of no tillage and straw mulching had many advantages, such as a fewer labour and material input, a better seedling emergence, the more reasonable population quality and higher yields etc. Based on these results, it was concluded that agricultural measures of no-tillage with straw mulching were recommended in Sichuan hilly dryland area.