Abstract: Since 2001 as one of the national pilot provinces to establish compensation mechanism of forest ecological benefit and implement classification management of forestry, the compensation of ecological public welfare forest has made considerable development in Hunan Province which, at present, compensation area had reached 4.75 ×106 hm2 and the compensation investment of ecological public welfare forest was increased to 7.13 ×108 yuan by state funds and province finance. However, based on sustainable development, the problems of compensation system, object, liability, method and standards were still existed. Therefore, a compensation mechanism of ecological public welfare forest was designed from the aspects of the premise, structure, evaluation index and evaluation method and it was analyzed from the aspects of the power, input and support based on the construction of ecological compensation system in Hunan Province.