Abstract: The effectiveness of the rural anti-poverty in minority regions in the new period directly concerns the realization of the two strategic goals of basically eliminating absolute poverty phenomena and completely building overall well-off society by 2020 in China. Based on the analysis of the rural poverty problems and challenges of rural anti-poverty in Guizhou Province, this paper puts forward the general idea of poverty alleviation, which is adopting pertinent poverty alleviation measures for different poor populations, supporting the development of both rural industry and poor populations, and targeting both poor region and poor populations. Meanwhile, the paper suggests specific countermeasures for promoting institutional innovation of the rural poverty alleviation in terms of linking “two systems”, promoting regional development, perfecting linkage mechanisms of anti-poverty and the mechanisms of poverty alleviation fund investing and controlling, and improving the dynamic monitoring and evaluation mechanisms, etc.