Abstract: Enhancing the resilience of agricultural industry is a crucial strategic measure to activate the endogenous driving force of agriculture, to ensure national food security, and to stabilize the operation of the national economy. Based on a panel data from 30 provinces in China from 2011 to 2021, this paper uses the entropy method to measure the resilience of the agricultural industry and the level of digital intelligence, combined with the fixed effects, mediating effects, and spatial econometric models to systematically explore the impacts of digital intelligence development on the resilience of agricultural industry and its internal transmission mechanism. Results show that digital intelligence development significantly enhances the resilience of agricultural industry, and the conclusion remains valid after robustness testing. Mechanistically, digital intelligence empowers the construction of agricultural industry resilience through two pathways: “optimization of agricultural industrial structure” and “integration of urban and rural development.” Regional heterogeneity reveals that digital intelligence exhibits distinct spatial differentiation in its impact on agricultural industry resilience, with more significant effects in central and eastern regions, while western regions lagging relatively. Spatial econometric analysis further confirms that digital intelligence has a positive spatial spillover effect on agricultural industry resilience, where improvements in digital intelligence levels in neighboring regions can effectively enhance local resilience. Accordingly, to collectively enhance the resilience of agricultural industry, this paper suggests: consolidating the construction of digital intelligence infrastructure and accelerating the digital transformation of traditional agriculture; optimizing transmission mechanisms to fully unleash the potential of digital intelligence empowerment; and implementing precise and differentiated policies to strengthen regional coordinated development and collaboration.