Abstract: Based on the perspective of economics, the paper from the factor inputs and the productivity growth which are two aspects of the sources of economic growth, analyzes the unsustainable development characters of China’s agriculture presently, and discusses the connotation of modern agricultural development mode within the analytic framework of the growth accounting and total fact productivity. The paper also puts forwards several specific actualizing approaches to how to transform the development mode of agriculture development: conserving the traditional production factors, environment-friendly, technological progress, improvement of technical efficiency, and the growth of total factor productivity caused by the human-capital investment and institutional innovation.