Abstract: Against the backdrop of increasing constrained arable land resources and mounting pressure to increase grain production, the integration of the “five excellences” is essential for improving grain yield per unit area and constitutes a key means of implementing the new initiative to increase grain production by 100 billion Jin (50 million metric tons). Based on a panel data of 30 provinces in China from 2009 to 2023, this study employs a two-way fixed effects model to empirically examine the impact of “five excellences” integration on grain yield per unit area. Results show that: 1) the integration of the “five excellences” significantly increases grain yield per unit area, and the estimated yield gains are robust and reliable; 2) it increases grain yield by advancing agricultural technology and improving agricultural socialized services; 3) the scale of agricultural operations positively moderates the yield-enhancing effect of this integration, with larger-scale operations generating greater yield benefits; and 4) heterogeneity analysis indicates that yield-enhancing effect is more pronounced in major grain-producing regions and areas with relatively low terrain relief. Based on these findings, local governments should promote the integrated development of the “five excellences” in accordance with local resource endowments and place particular emphasis on fostering large-scale agricultural operators. They should also continuously improve mechanisms for translating agricultural scientific and technological achievements into practical applications, expand the coverage of agricultural socialized services, and adopt coordinated measures to fully unlock synergistic efficiency gains among production factors.