Abstract: This article examines the impact of digital rural development on the growth of agricultural total factor productivity (TFP), providing policy-relevant evidence for agricultural upgrading and the construction of an agricultural powerhouse. Based on panel data from 31 provinces (excluding Hong Kong, Macao, and Taiwan) from 2011 to 2022, this study empirically analyzes the effect of digital rural development on agricultural TFP growth, while the EBM-SE model is applied to calculate agricultural TFP growth. Results indicate that: 1) digital rural development has shown strong momentum, accompanied by a pronounced reginal “digital divide”; the average annual growth rate of agricultural TFP is 4.45%, driven by the dual forces of technological progress and technical efficiency improvement; 2) digital rural development significantly promotes agricultural TFP growth, and this conclusion remains robust after accounting for endogeneity and conducting robustness tests; 3) digital rural development enhances agricultural TFP not only directly by driving technological progress and technical efficiency, but also indirectly by promoting scale management and industrial agglomeration; and 4) the positive effect of digital rural development on agricultural TFP is more pronounced in southern regions with lower levels of urbanization and faster structural upgrading. Based these findings, this paper suggests: seizing the opportunities of digital rural development, stimulating the power of digital rural development to promote the growth of agricultural TFP, paying attention to the scale management and industry agglomeration effect, and taking differentiated development strategies according to different regions.