Abstract: Grain production resilience is essential for ensuring national food security and promoting high-quality agricultural development. New agricultural business entities play a vital role in maintaining food security and can significantly enhance grain production resilience. Based on panel data from 30 provinces in China from 2006 to 2023, this study employs fixed effect models, mediation effect models, and threshold regression models to systematically analyze the influence mechanisms and threshold effects of new agricultural business entities on grain production resilience from the three dimensions of resistance, recovery, and transformation capabilities. The results indicate that: 1) new agricultural business entities significantly enhance grain production resilience, with more pronounced effects observed in non-grain producing areas and cooperatives; 2) mechanism analysis reveals that these entities improve resilience mainly by adjusting planting structures and strengthening productive services; 3) there is a threshold effect related to the scale of farmland transfer. When the area of farmland transfer exceeds the threshold, the positive impact of new agricultural business entities on grain production resilience becomes significantly stronger. The findings demonstrate the great potential of new agricultural business entities in fostering grain production resilience. It is recommended to continuously advance the transformation of agricultural production and operation models, leverage the scale and organizational advantages of these entities, enhance the comprehensive capacity of grain production, and ensure the achievement of national food security goals.