Abstract: As a core driving force of the new round of technological revolution, artificial intelligence provides essential support for addressing the bottlenecks of agricultural development and strengthening the risk resistance of agricultural systems. However, its mechanisms of influence on agricultural economic resilience and its spatial transmission patterns remain insufficiently understood. Based on panel data for 30 provinces in the Chinese Mainland from 2011 to 2023 (excluding Xizang and Hong Kong, Macao, and Taiwan), this study measures agricultural economic resilience using the entropy method and employs panel regression models, mediation effect models, and spatial panel models to systematically examine the impact mechanisms of artificial intelligence on agricultural economic resilience and its spatial spillover effects. The results show that: 1) artificial intelligence significantly enhances agricultural economic resilience, and this finding remains robust after addressing endogeneity and conducting robustness tests; 2) artificial intelligence strengthens agricultural economic resilience both directly and indirectly through three pathways, including reducing labor density, increasing the capital–labor ratio, and improving factor allocation efficiency; 3) the empowering effect of artificial intelligence is heterogeneous and is more pronounced in eastern regions, major grain-producing areas, areas with high levels of digital infrastructure, and rural areas with high aging populations; 4) artificial intelligence generates significant spatial spillover effects that transcend geographical boundaries, facilitating cross regional transmission and advancing the coordinated improvement of resilience in surrounding agricultural systems. Based on these findings, it is recommended to build a full chain empowerment system, utilize indirect empowerment pathways, improve differentiated policies, and strengthen cross regional collaboration to fully unlock the potential of artificial intelligence in enhancing agricultural economic resilience.