Abstract: Examining the driving effects of rural population aging on agricultural green development is of great significance for advancing agricultural modernization. Based on panel data from 31 provinces, autonomous regions, and municipalities in China over the period of 2013-2022, this study employs the super-efficiency slack-based measure model, the Malmquist-Luenberger index, and spatial econometric models to systematically investigate the impacts, underlying mechanism, and spatial effects of rural population aging on agricultural green total factor productivity. Results show that China’s agricultural green total factor productivity exhibited an overall upward trend during 2013-2022, with technological progress serving as the primary driving force, and with a spatial pattern characterized by “higher in the east than in the west, and stronger in the north than in the south.” Rural population aging significantly promotes improvements in agricultural green total factor productivity, although this effect displays marked regional heterogeneity and is stronger in grain-producing-and-marketing-balanced areas and major grain-marketing areas. Rural population aging also boosts agricultural green total factor productivity by inducing the outsourcing of agricultural production services, thereby generating labor substitution and functional compensation effects. In addition, the spatial spillover effect of rural population aging on agricultural green total factor productivity is particularly pronounced in regions with close economic linkages, whereas it is not significant among geographically adjacent regions. Accordingly, efforts should be made to accelerate the improvement of regionally coordinated agricultural production service systems, vigorously develop age-friendly agriculture, and comprehensively advance the green transformation and upgrading of agriculture.