Abstract: During an important period when consolidating the results of poverty alleviation and effectively connecting rural revitalization, it is crucial to focus on improving the economic resilience of rural households based on the goal of high-quality and healthy economic development. Based on the longitudinal data from the China Family Panel Studies (CFPS) between 2012 and 2022, this study employs empirical frameworks including the two-way fixed effects, the mediation analysis, and the Propensity Score Matching (PSM) models to examine the impacts of digital literacy on rural household economic resilience and its underlying mechanisms. Results indicate that: 1) digital literacy can significantly improve the economic resilience of rural households, dimensionally, digital access literacy, digital cognitive literacy, and digital application literacy all contribute to enhancing the economic resilience of farm households. The magnitude of these enhancing effects is observed in the following order: digital access literacy, digital application literacy, and digital cognitive literacy; 2) improving credit availability, expanding social capital and promoting non-agricultural employment are the key transmission mechanisms for digital literacy to improve the economic resilience of rural households; 3) heterogeneity analysis found that relative compared with women, high-educated families, and high-income families, digital literacy has a greater effect on improving the economic resilience of men, low-educated families, and low-income families; 4) threshold effect testing revealed that the impacts of digital literacy on the economic resilience of farming households exhibits a single threshold effect based on the household internet penetration rate. Once the corresponding threshold value is crossed, the enhancing effect of digital literacy on the economic resilience of farming households further increases. Based on the above findings, this paper puts forward the following policy recommendations: establishing and improving a digital literacy cultivation system, broadening multiple channels for farmers to convert digital dividends, constructing an inclusive digital dividend distribution mechanism, and shifting the focus of rural digital infrastructure development.