Abstract: Agricultural scale operation is an important foundation for achieving agricultural modernization and implementing the task of ensuring food security in the Northeast Plain. Comprehensively evaluating the potential of agricultural scale operation and formulating zoned development strategies in the region can provide evidence for promoting agricultural scale operation. Taking 1 775 townships in the Northeast Plain as the research unit, this paper constructed an evaluation system of agricultural scale operation potential from 3 dimensions of resource element, technological condition, and institutional environment and adopted entropy weight analysis to measure agricultural scale operation potential in the region. Considering both the agricultural scale operation conditions and agricultural management types of each township, and using methods including K-means clustering analysis, the study delineated the two-level zoning of agricultural scale operation and proposed development strategies. Results showed that: 1) The agricultural scale operation potential displayed a significant difference among townships. In space, there was a gradient distribution pattern of “Sanjiang Plain > Songnen Plain > Liaohe Plain”; 2) The resource element and technological condition exhibited significant advantages, while the institutional environment was the shortcoming. The spatial distributions of the resource element dimension and technological condition dimension showed a “high in the north, low in the south” pattern. The institutional environment dimension exhibited a distribution pattern of “high-value townships clustered in the southern Songnen Plain, while low-value townships were widely distributed”, and 3) The Northeast Plain was divided into 4 agricultural scale operation zones and 15 subzones. Each zone should follow strategies of coordination and quality improvement, cooperative enhancement, resource allocation and moderate advancement, respectively. The subzones should then implement more targeted development measures accordingly. In the following stages, the Northeast Plain should fully focus on strengthening the shortcomings to improve agricultural scale operation, exploring differentiated business models adapted to local conditions, and concentrating on the deep integration with new quality productive forces.