Abstract: Clarifying the long-term evolution characteristics of farmland soil fertility with different cropping systems can provide scientific basis for selecting appropriate cropping systems to improve soil quality of farmland. Based on 12 national and provincial long-term cropland system experiments in Hunan Province, the present study examined the soil fertility indexes and their evolution trend of five double-cropping rice modes (rice-rice-ryegrass (RRR), rice-rice-Chinese milk vetch (RRC), rice-rice-wheat (RRB), rice-rice-free (RRW), rice-rice-oil (RRO)), four single-season rice modes (rice-tobacco (RT), rice-Free (RW), rice-oil (RO), rice-green (RG)), and three upland farming modes (cotton-oil (CR), soybean-sweet potato (SS), corn-radish (MR)). The results showed that under long-term conventional fertilization conditions, soil organic matter contents (SOM) of the double cropping rice mode was higher than that of the upland farming mode, and SOM of RRO, RT and RW modes decreased but SOM of the rest cropping systems increased over time. Soil total nitrogen contents (STN) of RRW, RRO, RT and RW was relatively high but decreased over time, whilst STN of the rest cropping systems increased. The contents of soil alkali-hydrolyzed nitrogen in RRO and RG decreased significantly, while those in the upland farming mode showed an increasing trend over time. The contents of soil available phosphorus in RRO and RRW decreased significantly, while those in the upland farming modes increased with an annual increase rate of 1.23~4.76 mg/kg. The contents of available potassium in the double-cropping rice model decreased, while those in the one-cropping rice and the upland farming modes showed a decreasing trend or no significant change except for the increase in RT and MR. The soil comprehensive fertility decreased over time for the double cropping rice mode, but increased for the single cropping rice and the upland farming modes. In conclusion, the temporal trend of soil fertility of farmland under different cropping systems are quite different in Hunan province. Nitrogen input should be reduced and potassium input should be increased in the double-cropping rice modes, nitrogen and phosphorus input should be reduced in single cropping rice mode, and soil fertility should be improved and phosphorus input should be reduced in the upland farming modes.