Abstract: Accelerating the modernization of agriculture and rural areas is a new strategy and the goal of the modernization of socialism with Chinese characteristics. A scientific and well-designed evaluation index system of agricultural and rural modernization is not only a standard to evaluate the overall progress of agricultural and rural modernization in China, but also a tool to review the shortcomings and weaknesses, which helps to promote the process of agricultural and rural modernization in China smoothly and orderly. Based on the contemporary connotation of agricultural and rural modernization, this paper constructs an evaluation index system of agricultural and rural modernization and discusses the goal of realizing agricultural and rural modernization based on the actual conditions of agriculture and rural areas in China. In this study, agricultural and rural modernization consists of 2 first-level indicators, including agricultural modernization and rural modernization. The evaluation indexes of the development level of agricultural modernization also include 6 secondary indicators, including agricultural industry system, agricultural production system, agricultural operation system, agricultural output level, sustainable agricultural development, agricultural technology, and support policy, and 22 specific indicators. The development level of rural modernization includes 5 secondary indicators, including rural infrastructure, rural residents' life quality, rural education and culture, rural governance, and rural social development and 17 specific indicators. In total, 39 specific indicators are employed for this study. Based on the construction experience of developed countries and some developed regions in China and considering the actual development of China's agriculture and rural areas, this study explores target values of 39 specific indicators for the basic realization in 2035 and the full realization of agricultural and rural modernization in 2050.